There are two categories of leadership the classical organization theory existed till 1950 and. Theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services. It implies that employees are reluctant to organizational changes.
The mb in the part number stands for microphone bridging. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z motivation self. A pure theory y approach can work in exceptional circumstances, when almost all workers are totally dedicated to the task at hand. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all the research you need on. Mandel experiment homodyne measurement local oscillator more details on multimode quantum. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. The theory y view assumes that employees work hard to accomplish important social and personal needs. Douglas mcgregor believed that there were two types of managers.
If you believe your employees will do the best they can. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation, and with the invention of total quality management tqm. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do.
Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done.
In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y theory x and y comparison theory y theories in the 21st century the average theory y manager makes an effort theory x and y are often studied as a prelude to developing a better understanding towards management concepts applies self control and self.
Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Implications of theory x and theory y implications of. The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. And if you do that, the minute your back is turned your employees will hit that spreadsheet with a vengeance. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation.
Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it centered and, therefore, does not care about organizational goals resists change act irresponsibly weinbach, 2008 designed to enforce compliance. Theory x and theory y, developed by douglas mcgregor, grew out of opposition towards classical management methods. The role of the theory x manager is to coerce and control employees to work towards organizational goals. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. Theory w is a nice name for the theory of talent management i am starting to make up. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming.
Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. Implications of theory x and theory y quite a few organizations use theory x today. Mcgregor formulated 2 distinct views based on 2 different assumptions about people employees in particular. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. Andrea, maksim and laura limitations of theory x and theory y cannot straight away determine everyone is either x or y some individuals might have a mix of theory x and y more than two ways to view on working people in the management. To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at when you look at your team, what do you see. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. The intense bit goes with mcgregors theory x, which assumes that workers naturally do less than they can, so they need to be prodded along, with careful supervision and an extensive array of punishments and rewards. This 2 minutes clip will give you an insight about. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. Theory x and theory y essay sample new york essays.
The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Theory x and theory y team management training from. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. It has generated wide ranging and lasting interest in the field of motivation. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Managements action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. They are available in 2, 3, and 4 winding versions and. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. They are theories of human motivation that provide a framework for how managers use behavior and tools in the workplace to encourage productivity. Theory x and theory y mcgregors theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Leaders managers who adhere to theory x assume that the average person. Theory x and theory y were developed by a mit management professor douglas murray mcgregor. It is hypothesized that these presumptions are selffulfilling.
Jensen an005 theory and construction of mic splitters by bill whitlock 0 overview the jensen jtmb x series transformers, commonly called mic splitters, are designed to bridge the output of a 150 s to 200 s microphone. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Mcgregor argued that the assumptions managers make about motivation. X and y theory question 1 explain theory x and theory y. Theory x encourages use of tight control and supervision. Theory x employers presume that employees are passive, lazy, and driven only by financial gains and security, whereas theory y employers presume that employees want to develop psychologically and are wishful for autonomy and accountability. Difference between theory x and theory y of motivation and its critical appraisal. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Jensen an005 theory and construction of mic splitters. Classical management theorists, such as fredrick taylor, focused on scientific training and efficiency and did not account for personal and behavioral issues, such as management styles or job satisfaction. It also suggests, by being a precursor to x and y in the alphabet, that we are talking about a theory. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison.
It helped to crystallise and put into right perspective the findings of the hawthorne experiments. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. It follows the same algebraicunknown nomenclature scheme of theory x and theory y that suggests that well never really know the whole answer. Question 1 explain theory x and theory y and show how as a manager you would apply it to motivate your staff. Theory y mcgregors theory y is the root cause of employee empowerment. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its.
Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. The theory x view assumes that employees must be monitored and controlled. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. Theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. You will give them opportunities, back them to the hilt, praise them for their efforts. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. Essay on theory x and theory y 1295 words bartleby.
The concept of theory x and theory y was first proposed by douglas mcgregor in his book human side of enterprise as a alternative sets assumptions about behavior and nature of people at work. In this theory, management assumes that employees are. Difference between theory x and theory y of motivation and. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Deming went to japan just after the war to help set up. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. Douglas mcgregor created the labels theory x and theory y to capture two views of human motivation. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees.
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